Amanzi kampompi(aphinde abizwe ngokuthi amanzi ompompi, amanzi kampompi noma amanzi kamasipala) amanzi ahlinzekwa ngompompi namavalvu okuphuza amanzi. Amanzi kampompi ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukuphuza, ukupheka, ukuwasha kanye nokuwasha izindlu zangasese. Amanzi kampompi angaphakathi asakazwa “ngamapayipi angaphakathi”. Lolu hlobo lwamapayipi lukhona kusukela kudala, kodwa belunganikezwa abantu abambalwa kwaze kwaba sengxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19 lapho luqala ukuduma emazweni anamuhla athuthukile. Amanzi ompompi aba yinsakavukela ezindaweni eziningi ekhulwini lama-20 futhi manje ayantuleka kakhulu kwabampofu, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka.

Emazweni amaningi, amanzi kampompi ngokuvamile ahlobene namanzi okuphuza. Ama-ejensi kahulumeni ngokuvamile aqondisa ikhwalithi yeamanzi kampompi. Izindlela zokuhlanza amanzi asekhaya, njengezihlungi zamanzi, ukubilisa noma ukuwahluza, zingasetshenziswa ukwelapha ukungcoliswa kwamagciwane emanzini kampompi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphuzwa kwawo. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe (njengezindawo zokuhlanza amanzi) ezihlinzeka ngamanzi ahlanzekile ezindlini, amabhizinisi, nezakhiwo zomphakathi kuwumkhakha ongaphansi omkhulu wobunjiniyela bokuhlanzeka. Ukubiza amanzi ngokuthi “amanzi ompompi” kuyawahlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile angase atholakale; lokhu kubandakanya amanzi aphuma kumachibi okuqoqa amanzi emvula, amanzi aphuma kumaphampu asesigodini noma asedolobheni, amanzi aphuma emithonjeni, noma emifudlaneni, emifuleni, noma emachibini (Ukuphuzwa kungahluka) amanzi.

ingemuva
Ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi ampompi kubantu basemadolobheni amakhulu noma ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwedolobha kudinga iqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi neliklanywe kahle, ukugcinwa, ukucutshungulwa, nokusabalalisa uhlelo, futhi ngokuvamile kuwumthwalo wemfanelo wama-ejensi kahulumeni.

Ngokomlando, amanzi aselashwayo atholakala esidlangalaleni ahlotshaniswa nokwenyuka okuphawulekayo kweminyaka yokuphila kanye nokwenza ngcono kwezempilo yomphakathi. Ukubulala amagciwane emanzini kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yezifo ezitholakala emanzini njenge-typhoid fever nekholera. Kunesidingo esikhulu sokubulala amagciwane emanzini okuphuza emhlabeni wonke. I-Chlorination njengamanje iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokubulala amagciwane emanzini, nakuba izinhlanganisela ze-chlorine zingasabelana nezinto ezisemanzini futhi zikhiqize imikhiqizo ebulala amagciwane (DBP) edala izinkinga empilweni yabantu. ukuba khona kwama-ion ensimbi ahlukahlukene, ngokuvamile enza amanzi “athambile” noma “aqine”.

Amanzi kampompi asesengozini yokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo noma amakhemikhali. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kuseyinkinga enkulu yezempilo emhlabeni wonke. Izifo ezibangelwa ukuphuza amanzi angcolile zibulala izingane eziyizigidi ezingu-1,6 minyaka yonke. Uma ukungcola kuthathwa njengokuyingozi empilweni yomphakathi, izikhulu zikahulumeni zivame ukukhipha izincomo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Endabeni yokunukubezeka kwezinto eziphilayo, kuvame ukutuswa ukuthi izakhamuzi zibilise amanzi noma zisebenzise amanzi asemabhodleleni njengenye indlela ngaphambi kokuphuza. Endabeni yokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali, izakhamuzi zingase zelulekwe ukuba zigweme ukuphuza amanzi ampompi ngokuphelele kuze kube yilapho inkinga isixazululiwe.

Ezindaweni eziningi, ukugxiliswa okuphansi kwe-fluoride (< 1.0 ppm F) yengezwa ngamabomu emanzini ompompi ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo yamazinyo, nakuba “i-fluoridation” kuseyinkinga eyimpikiswano kweminye imiphakathi. (Bheka impikiswano ye-fluorination yamanzi). Kodwa-ke, ukuphuza isikhathi eside kwamanzi ane-fluoride ephezulu (> 1.5 ppm F) kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, njenge-fluorosis yamazinyo, i-enamel plaque kanye ne-skeletal fluorosis, nokukhubazeka kwamathambo ezinganeni. Ubunzima be-fluorosis buncike ekuqukethwe kwe-fluoride emanzini, kanye nokudla kwabantu nokusebenza komzimba. Izindlela zokususa i-fluoride zihlanganisa izindlela ezisekelwe kulwelwesi, imvula, ukumuncwa, kanye ne-electrocoagulation.

Umthetho kanye nokuhambisana
eMelika
I-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ilawula amazinga avumelekile okungcola okuthile ezinhlelweni zokuphakelwa kwamanzi zomphakathi. Amanzi kampompi angase futhi aqukathe ukungcola okuningi okungalawulwa yi-EPA kodwa okungase kube yingozi empilweni yomuntu. Izinhlelo zamanzi zomphakathi—lezo ezisebenzela iqembu elifanayo labantu unyaka wonke—kufanele zinikeze amakhasimende “umbiko wokwethembeka wabathengi” waminyaka yonke. Umbiko ukhomba ukungcola (uma kukhona) ohlelweni lwamanzi futhi uchaza imithelela yezempilo engaba khona. Ngemuva kwe-Flint Lead Crisis (2014), abacwaningi banaka ngokukhethekile ucwaningo lwezitayela zekhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza kulo lonke elase-United States. Amazinga angaphephile omthofu atholwe emanzini kampompi emadolobheni ahlukene, njengeSebring, Ohio ngo-August 2015 kanye neWashington, DC ngo-2001. Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwabonisa ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, cishe u-7-8% wezinhlelo zamanzi zomphakathi (CWS) wephula izindaba zezempilo zoMthetho Wamanzi Okuphuza Okuphephile (SDWA) minyaka yonke. Ngenxa yokuba khona kokungcola emanzini okuphuza, kunezimo ezibalelwa ezigidini eziyi-16 ze-acute gastroenteritis e-United States unyaka ngamunye.

Ngaphambi kokwakha noma ukulungisa uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamanzi, abaklami nosonkontileka kufanele bahlole amakhodi endawo amapayipi amanzi futhi bathole izimvume zokwakha ngaphambi kokwakhiwa. Ukushintsha i-heater yamanzi ekhona kungase kudinge imvume kanye nokuhlolwa komsebenzi. Izinga likazwelonke le-US Drinking Water Pipeline Guide liyinto egunyazwe i-NSF/ANSI 61. I-NSF/ANSI iphinde yasungula izindinganiso zokuqinisekisa amathini amaningi, nakuba i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) igunyaze lezi zinto.