Amanzi ompompi(okubizwa nangokuthi amanzi ompompi, amanzi ompompi noma amanzi kamasipala) amanzi anikezwa ngamapayipi namavalvu okuphuza amanzi. Amanzi ompompi avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuphuza, ukupheka, ukuwasha kanye nokuhlanza izindlu zangasese. Amanzi ompompi angaphakathi asatshalaliswa “ngamapayipi angaphakathi”. Lolu hlobo lwepayipi belukhona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kodwa aluzange lunikezwe abantu abambalwa kwaze kwaba yingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-19 lapho luqala ukuthandwa emazweni athuthukile anamuhla. Amanzi ompompi aba yinto evamile ezindaweni eziningi ngekhulu lama-20 futhi manje antula kakhulu phakathi kwabampofu, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka.

Emazweni amaningi, amanzi ompompi avame ukuhlotshaniswa namanzi okuphuza. Izikhungo zikahulumeni zivame ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza.amanzi ompompiIzindlela zokuhlanza amanzi zasekhaya, njengezihlungi zamanzi, ukubilisa noma ukuhluza, zingasetshenziswa ukwelapha ukungcola kwamanzi ompompi abangelwa amagciwane ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphuzwa kwawo. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe (njengezindawo zokuhlanza amanzi) obuhlinzeka ngamanzi ahlanzekile emakhaya, emabhizinisini, nasezindlini zomphakathi kuyindawo ebalulekile yobunjiniyela bezokuhlanzeka. Ukubiza amanzi ngokuthi “amanzi ompompi” kuyawahlukanisa nezinye izinhlobo ezinkulu zamanzi ahlanzekile ezingatholakala; lokhu kufaka phakathi amanzi avela emachibini okuqoqwa kwamanzi emvula, amanzi avela emaphampini asemakhaya noma edolobheni, amanzi avela emithonjeni, noma emifuleni, emifuleni, noma emachibini (Ukuphuza kwawo kungahluka).

ingemuva
Ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi ompompi kubantu basemadolobheni amakhulu noma ezindaweni eziseduze kudinga uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi noluklanywe kahle lokuqoqwa, ukugcinwa, ukucubungula, kanye nokusabalalisa, futhi ngokuvamile kungumthwalo wemfanelo wezikhungo zikahulumeni.

Ngokomlando, amanzi alashwe atholakala emphakathini abelokhu ehlotshaniswa nokwenyuka okukhulu kobude besikhathi sokuphila kanye nokuthuthuka kwempilo yomphakathi. Ukuhlanza amanzi kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yezifo ezithwalwa ngamanzi ezifana nomkhuhlane we-typhoid kanye ne-cholera. Kunesidingo esikhulu sokuhlanza amanzi okuphuza emhlabeni wonke. I-chlorine okwamanje iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokuhlanza amanzi, yize ama-compounds e-chlorine angasabela nezinto ezisemanzini futhi akhiqize imikhiqizo ebangela ukuhlanza amanzi (i-DBP) ebangela izinkinga empilweni yabantu. Izimo zendawo zejoloji ezithinta amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ziyizici ezibalulekile zokuba khona kwama-ion ahlukahlukene ensimbi, ngokuvamile okwenza amanzi abe “thambile” noma “aqine”.

Amanzi ompompi asesengozini yokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo noma ngamakhemikhali. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kuseyinkinga enkulu yezempilo emhlabeni wonke. Izifo ezibangelwa ukuphuza amanzi angcolile zibulala izingane eziyizigidi ezingu-1.6 minyaka yonke. Uma ukungcola kubhekwa njengokuyingozi empilweni yomphakathi, izikhulu zikahulumeni zivame ukukhipha izincomo ngokusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Endabeni yokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo, kuvame ukunconywa ukuthi izakhamuzi zibilise amanzi noma zisebenzise amanzi asemabhodleleni njengenye indlela ngaphambi kokuphuza. Endabeni yokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali, izakhamuzi zingase zelulekwe ukuthi zigweme ukuphuza amanzi ompompi ngokuphelele kuze kube yilapho inkinga isixazululiwe.

Ezindaweni eziningi, amazinga aphansi e-fluoride (< 1.0 ppm F) afakwa ngamabomu emanzini ompompi ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo yamazinyo, yize “i-fluoride” iseyinkinga ephikisanayo kweminye imiphakathi. (Bheka impikiswano ye-fluorination yamanzi). Kodwa-ke, ukuphuza amanzi isikhathi eside okune-fluoride ephezulu (> 1.5 ppm F) kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, njenge-fluorosis yamazinyo, i-enamel plaque kanye ne-skeletal fluorosis, kanye nokukhubazeka kwamathambo ezinganeni. Ubunzima be-fluorosis buxhomeke kokuqukethwe kwe-fluoride emanzini, kanye nokudla kwabantu kanye nomsebenzi womzimba. Izindlela zokususa i-fluoride zifaka izindlela ezisekelwe ku-membrane, imvula, ukumuncwa, kanye ne-electrocoagulation.

Umthethonqubo kanye nokuhambisana
IMelika
I-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ilawula amazinga avumelekile okungcola okuthile ezinhlelweni zokuphakelwa kwamanzi zomphakathi. Amanzi ompompi angase abe nezinto eziningi ezingcolisayo ezingalawulwa yi-EPA kodwa ezingaba yingozi empilweni yabantu. Izinhlelo zamanzi omphakathi—lezo ezikhonza iqembu elifanayo labantu unyaka wonke—kumele zinikeze amakhasimende “umbiko wokuqiniseka kwabathengi” waminyaka yonke. Lo mbiko ukhomba ukungcola (uma kukhona) ohlelweni lwamanzi futhi uchaza imiphumela engaba khona yezempilo. Ngemuva kwe-Flint Lead Crisis (2014), abacwaningi banaka kakhulu ucwaningo lwezindlela zekhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza kulo lonke elase-United States. Amazinga angaphephile e-lead atholakale emanzini ompompi emadolobheni ahlukene, njengeSebring, e-Ohio ngo-Agasti 2015 kanye neWashington, DC ngo-2001. Izifundo eziningi zikhombisile ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, cishe u-7-8% wezinhlelo zamanzi omphakathi (CWS) zephula izinkinga zezempilo ze-Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) minyaka yonke. Ngenxa yokuba khona kokungcola emanzini okuphuza, kunezimo ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-16 ze-acute gastroenteritis e-United States minyaka yonke.

Ngaphambi kokwakha noma ukushintsha uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamanzi, abaklami kanye nabakhi kumele bahlole amakhodi okufaka amanzi endawo futhi bathole izimvume zokwakha ngaphambi kokwakha. Ukufaka esikhundleni se-water heater ekhona kungadinga imvume kanye nokuhlolwa komsebenzi. Indinganiso kazwelonke ye-US Drinking Water Pipeline Guide iyizinto eziqinisekiswe yi-NSF/ANSI 61. I-NSF/ANSI nayo yasungula amazinga okuqinisekiswa kwamathini amaningi, yize i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) yazivuma lezi zinto.